As the demand for electrical power increases, distribution systems are expanded to accommodate the increased demand. Stiffened transmission systems, increased substation capacity, and added on-site and distributed generation all contribute to increases in available fault currents.

As the demand for electrical power increases, distribution systems are expanded to accommodate the increased demand. Stiffened transmission systems, increased substation capacity, and added on-site and distributed generation all contribute to increases in available fault currents.

Distributing water on a large scale has been a challenge that the world has tackled for decades.

Learn how UV-C light is applied in HVAC/R systems to boost heat exchange efficiency, improve airflow, restore IAQ and reduce maintenance needs.

Rising energy costs and a movement toward sustainability are driving changes in the commercial HVAC market.

Boilers are closed pressure vessels that are used to heat fluids -- either water or steam. They range in size, fluid to be heated, temperature of fluid, and design configurations. This paper is the first in a series to explain total system efficiency with a focus on condensing hot water boilers used for space heating, process applications, and/ or domestic hot water heating.

In the 1970s VAV (Variable Air Volume) systems replaced CAV (Constant Air Volume) systems. Concurrently, the 8-bit microprocessor with 4500 transistors was introduced. In the field of commercial HVAC systems, VAV systems became the first choice and were used as baselines for energy standards.

Variable frequency drives (VFDs) save energy, increase the life of mechanical systems, and offer valuable control features in a wide range of building management applications.

While the barriers to technology investment are already well explored, what specific challenges do firms face in getting value from existing technology? And what can facility managers learn from their peers who are succeeding in this area?

The reactive metals by classification are zirconium, titanium and beryllium. We also include here tantalum and columbium (niobium), being from the refractory class and which also present similar challenges to the welding engineer.