An overview of strategies that can be taken during the shutdown and when buildings reopen to help address the Legionella risks associated with stagnation.

Fisonic Devices (FDs) are heat exchangers, pumps, and mixers with patented optimized internal geometry. The theory of Fisonic devices was developed by Professor Fisenko by addressing safety problems of the Russian nuclear submarines during the disruption of the air tightness of reactor cavity (Ref 1-2).

The following are some common mistakes and tips to avoid problems on commercial boiler projects.

Does maintenance save money? Many numbers get thrown around when it comes to estimating the savings achieved by performing certain maintenance activities.

When designing or replacing a low pressure steam boiler, throw out everything you know about hydronic boilers. A steam system is closer in operation to an air conditioning unit than it is to a hydronic boiler. If you design a steam system using hydronic design methods, it will not operate properly.