When added to any hydronic system at a low concentration, a non-ionic surfactant has been shown to reduce surface tension inside pipes and coils by 60%, enhancing heat transfer.

The scientists developed nanoscale copper wires with specially shaped surfaces to catalyze a chemical reaction that reduces greenhouse gas emissions while generating ethylene — a valuable chemical simultaneously.

When replacing R-410A, engineers should consider commercially available, single-component, or azeotrope refrigerants that meet AHRI Standard 700 with zero ODP and a maximum 750 GWP.

For Chicago, the best-case scenario is that electricity use increases by 12% and water use increases by 4% if global warming crosses a 1.5°C threshold. But if a 2.0°C threshold is reached, then the worst-case scenario is a 20% increase in electricity use and a 6% increase in water use.