Distributed energy resources (DERs) with advanced controls can provide services to the grid such as frequency response. However, to do so, unlike conventional generators, DERs typically have to regularly exchange signals with faraway control centers.
These open communication networks expose the grid to communication delays, cyber threats, and other risks. As DERs are increasingly added to the grid, understanding how long it takes for devices to communicate with control centers and the impacts to maintaining stable frequency on the grid becomes more critical.